Archival Photograph
Project Description
During June of 1995 archaeological photographer Aaron Levin used a
large format camera (4"x5" negatives) to create archival quality
black-and-white photographs of the buildings in the forum. His work
concentrates mainly on the east side of the forum in order to fully
document the Macellum, the Imperial Cult Building, the Sanctuary of
the Genius of Augustus, and the Eumachia Building. Other views are
also present among the 205 photographs that follow. The photographs
themselves are printed at 8"x10."
One of the current tasks of the Pompeii Forum Project is to
present these photographs on the World Wide Web. This required that
the photographs be arranged in a logical sequence, scanned, and saved
in digital form. This has been accomplished. Captions are now being
written and plans with camera icons are being prepared. These two
methods of accessing the images are discussed below. This work is in
progress and allows the user to consult a portion of the photographs.
For archival purposes scanned images are saved as large tif files
(ca. 6.4 MB). Those presented here are much smaller gif images (99K
to about 200K). Some of the border is left on the images in order to
create the impression of an actual photograph on the screen.
There are two methods of gaining access to the the photographs.
The first is by means of a caption list. The second method is by
means of a series of plans containing camera icons and photograph
numbers. The camera icons indicate the camera position for each
photograph.
Captions for Levin Photographs-1995
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Directions indicate the angle from which the photographs
are taken and are recorded as if the main axis of the forum
were exactly north-south. The following abbreviations are
used:
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n. north
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n.e. northeast
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s. south
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s.e. southeast
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e. east
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s.w. southwest
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w. west
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n.w. northwest
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Note On Meter
Sticks
One or two meter sticks appear in many photographs; see example
no. 71. The shorter one, consisting of five alternating
black-and-white 0.20 m. zones measures 1.00 m. The longer one is 2.00
m. in length: the two large black-and-white zones are 0.50 m. each;
the five smaller zones measure 0.20 m. each.
Numbering System for
"Rooms," Walls, and Doors
The accompanying
plan
provides the numbering system employed for all rooms and spaces in
region VII, insula 9. The conventional system of numbers for region,
insula, and door does not designate spaces within or between
buildings. The system adopted here retains the region and insula
number, but replaces the door number with a number for every space
within the insula. Numbering begins at the northwestern corner of the
insula and proceeds left to right within individual buildings, to the
extent that their boundaries can be identified. Thus each space has a
tripartite number whose first two elements are those of the
conventional system. For example, the shrine within the Macellum is
VII.9.37. As all of the spaces under discussion belong to region VII,
insula 9, only the third element in the numbering system is employed
here.
A shorthand system of designating walls uses the letter W and the
numbered space on each side of the wall in question. The first number
indicates the side of the wall being discussed, when that is an
issue. For example, among the north shops of the Macellum, W7.8
refers to the wall between shop 7 and entrance 8 with particular
attention to the side within shop 7. When seen from the opposite
side, the same wall is W8.7. Similarly, D refers to a door; d would
refer to a blocked door. Thus D112.115 is the door between 112 and
115 in the Sanctuary of the Genius of Augustus. Streets are
designated as "via" followed by the numbers of the blocks that define
the street. Thus W18.viaVII- 4/VII-9 indicates the wall between space
18 and the street that runs between VII.4 and VII.9.
General Views
- Levin-1.
Forum. General view from s.
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- Levin-15.
Northeastern corner of the forum; from s.
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- Levin-2.
Forum. General view from s.e.
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- Levin-3.
Forum. General view of northern half of forum; from. s.
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- Levin-4.
Forum. General view to north from with the Porticus of
Popidius.
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- Levin-
18. Detail of pavement between the Temple of Jupiter
and the Macellum.
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- Levin-5.
Forum. General view from n.; from atop the podium of the
Temple of Jupiter.
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- Levin-20.
Northeast Arch; from n; slightly diffrent from no. 19
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- Levin-
7. Forum. General view from n.w.; from atop the
podium of the Temple of Jupiter
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- Levin-
22. Via del foro; general view from s.
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- Levin-
9. Forum. General view of northern half of eastern
side; from s.w.
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- Levin-10.
E astern forum portico from Eumachia Building northward;
from s.
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- Levin-24.
Northwestern corner of forum; from s.e.
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- Levin-11.
Eastern forum portico from Eumachia Building northward;
from s.
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- Levin-25.
Basilica, including part of forum portico; from e.
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- Levin-12.
Eastern forum portico from Sanctuary of the Genius of
Augustus northward; from s.; view includes northeast arch
and Temple of Jupiter
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- Levin-13.
Eastern forum portico from Imperial Cult Building
northward, from s.; view includes entire northeastern
corner of the forum.
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- Levin-14.
Northeastern corner of forum; from s.s.w.
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Eumachia Building: Facade
- Levin-29.
Eumachia Building; (entire facade); from w.
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- Levin-33.
Eumachia Building; (193-195); from w.
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- Levin-30.
Eumachia Building; (193, 194); from s.w.
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- Levin-34.
Eumachia Building; (195, 204); from w.
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- Levin-31.
Eumachia Building; (193 detail); from s.w.
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- Levin-35.
Eumachia Building; (196); from w.
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- Levin-32.
E umachia Building; (193); from s. (i.e., from within
194)
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- Levin-36.
Eumachia Building; (196-198); from w.
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Eumachia Building: Exterior - South Side
The following details ( s. side) run west to east
- Levin-37.
Eumachia Building; (entire s. side); from s.w.
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- Levin-44.
Eumachia Building; (s. side, detail 7); from s.
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- Levin-38.
Eumachia Building; (s. side, detail 1); from s.
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- Levin-45.
Eumachia Building; (s. side, detail 8); from s.
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- Levin-39.
Eumachia Building; (s. side, detail 2); from s.
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- Levin-46.
Eumachia Building; (s. side, detail 9 with view into 223,
222); from s.
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- Levin-40.
Eumachia Building; (s. side, detail 3); from s.
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- Levin-47.
Eumachia Building; (223); from s.
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- Levin-41.
Eumachia Building; (s. side, detail 4); from s.
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- Levin-48.
Eumachia Building; (223, w. wall); from e.
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- Levin-42.
Eumachia Building; (s. side, detail 5); from s.
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- Levin-49.
Eumachia Building; (dedicatory inscription); from s.
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- Levin-43.
Eumachia Building; (s. side, detail 6); from s.
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- Levin-50.
Eumachia Building; (entire s. side); from s.e.
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Eumachia Building: Exterior - East Side
- Levin-51.
Eumachia Building; (almost entire e. side); from s.e.
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- Levin-55.
Eumachia Building; (e. side, detail 4; detail of no. 54);
from e.
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- Levin-52.
Eumachia Building; (e. side, detail 1); from e.
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- Levin-56.
Eumachia Building; (entire e. side); from n.e.
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- Levin-53.
Eumachia Building; (e. side, detail 2); from e.
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- Levin-57.
Eumachia Building; (n.e. corner and associated
intersection); from e.
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- Levin-54.
Eumachia Building; (e. side, detail 3); from s.s.e.
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Eumachia Building: Exterior - North Side
- Levin-58.
Eumachia Building; (n.e. corner and north side); from
n.e.
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- Levin-60.
Eumachia Building; (191, west end); from e.
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- Levin-59.
Eumachia Building; (n. side); from n.e.
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Eumachia Building: Interior - West End (including n. and
s. doors to the crypta)
- Levin-61.
Eumachia Building; (general view of west end); from e.
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- Levin-66.
Eumachia Building; (area n. of 204); from e.
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- Levin-62.
Eumachia Building; (D[door]212.221); from n.n.e.
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- Levin-67.
Eumachia Building; (206); from e.
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- Levin-63.
Eumachia Building; (D[door]212.221); from n.
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- Levin-68.
Eumachia Building; (D209.208); from s.
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- Levin-64.
Eumachia Building; (207); from e.
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Eumachia Building: Interior - North Portico
- Levin-69.
Eumachia Building; (209, part of 213); from w.
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- Levin-71.
Eumachia Building; (210); from s.w.
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- Levin-70.
Eumachia Building; (210); from w.
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Eumachia Building: Interior - East End
- Levin-72.
Eumachia Building; (east end, distant view); from w.
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- Levin-75.
Eumachia Building; (215); from w.
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- Levin-73.
Eumachia Building; (east end, closer view); from w.
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- Levin-76.
Eumachia Building; (east end, including 217); from s.w.
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- Levin-74.
Eumachia Building; (east end: 214, 215); from w.
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- Levin-77.
Eumachia Building; 213, 209; from s.e.
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Eumachia Building: Interior - South Portico
- Levin-78.
Eumachia Building; 213, 218; fr. n.; entablature blocks in 218.
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- Levin-80.
Eumachia Building; 218; detail of area seen in no. 79; fr. n.
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- Levin-79.
Eumachia Building; 218; fr. n.w. remains of tufa stylobate in
foreground; two architrave blocks at 1. in 218; wall W218. 221 preserves marble
base moulding and marble sills for window that connected 218 and 221.
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Eumachia Building: Interior - North Crypta
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- Levin-82.
Eumachia Building; 208; plaster on W208.209; fr. n.
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- Levin-83.
Eumachia Building; 208, D208.209; 213 and 218 in background; fr. nw.
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- Levin-90. 208, northeast
corner; fr. sw.
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- Levin-84.
Eumachia Building; D208.209; 212 and D212.221 in background.
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- Levin-91. 208, east end
at junction with 216; fr. ne.
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- Levin-85.
Eumachia Building; 208, west end; D20800.209 at l.; fr. e.
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- Levin-92. 216, 208; fr.
ne. This, photo 91, and others in this group show the good preservation of
features in this corner, including the small tufa block construction of the
corner and of the window frames; marble window sills; marble pilaster base; and
wall plaster.
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- Levin-86.
Eumachia Building; 208, west end; D208.209 at l.; fr. ese.
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- Levin-93. Northwest
corner of 216, close-up (or, exterior n.e. corner of 211) with full length of
208 at r.; fr. e. The photograph reveals that this corner is no longer plumb
and that a long vertical crack runs through the corner. Another earth tremor
may cause this corner to fail.
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- Levin-87. 208, west end;
D208.209 at l.; fr. ene.
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Eumachia Building: Interior - East Crypta
- Levin-92. 216, 208; fr.
ne. This, photo 91, and others in this group show the good preservation of
features in this corner, including the small tufa block construction of the
corner and of the window frames; marble window sills; marble pilaster base; and
wall plaster.
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- Levin-95. 217; fr. nw.
Plaster cast of statue of Eumachia with the inscription EVMACHIAE L. F./SACERD
PVBL/FVLLONES.
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- Levin-93. Northwest
corner of 216, close-up (or, exterior n.e. corner of 211) with full length of
208 at r.; fr. e. The photograph reveals that this corner is no longer plumb
and that a long vertical crack runs through the corner. Another earth tremor
may cause this corner to fail.
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- Levin-96. 216, south end
at juncture with 221; fr. se.
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- Levin-94. 216, central
part (w. side), showing the rear of apse 215 and one of the windows that
communicates with 211; fr. ne.
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- Levin-97. 221 (full
length), 216 (south end); fr. se. Also the full length of w221.218, and in the
background the entire western end of the building.
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Eumachia Building: Interior - South Crypta
- Levin-97. 221 (full
length), 216 (south end); fr. se. Also the full length of W221.218, and in the
background the entire western end of the building.
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- Levin-105. D121.218.
Close-up of repaired w. jamb; fr. s.e.
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- Levin-102. A section of
W221.218; fr. s. This shows post-62 repair work in architectual rubble
(including a Doric column fragement) above the original opus incertum masonry.
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- Levin-106. View from s.
crypta (121), along 212, to D209.208; fr. s. This photograph shows that the e.
jamb of D121.218 is also a repair.
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- Levin-107. Same as
photograph 106, but from a slightly different angle.
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- Levin-104. 221, w. end.
Overview, incl. D.121.218; fr. e. Much of what appears in this photograph is
post-62 repair, incl. the wall plaster and marble pilaster socle. (The pile of
rocks in the corner is modern, ca. 1995).
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Eumachia Building: Interior - Eastern Spaces
- Levin-98. 211, northeast
corner; fr. sw. This corner appears to preserve in situ part of the original
wall and window construction, a marble sill, and extensive patches of
plaster now devoid of color. In the fall of 1993 when the grass and sod were
being dug up to prepare for the placement of the gravel seen in these
photographs pieces of finely painted plaster (red, yellow, white, green) were
turned up by the workers just beyond this space at the junction of 208/216
(Observed by John Dobbins, October 1993).
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- Levin-100. 220,
northern half; fr. s. Window F220.214 at l.
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- Levin-99. 211,
southwestern section; fr. ne. Window F211.210 at right.
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- Levin-101. 220, western
wall with windows F220.219 and F220.214; fr. e.
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Eumachia Building: Interior - Architectural
Fragments
- Levin-108. Two marble
architrave blocks in s. crypta (121); fr. w.
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- Levin-109. Fragment of
Corinthian raking cornice in s. crypta (121); fr. n.
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Sanctuary of the Genius of Augustus
Sanctuary/Genius of Augustus: Exterior - West Facade
- Levin-110. Western
precinct wall (n. section); fr. w. The roughly quoined seam between opus
incertum/quasi reticulatum and brickwork marks the juncture between original
construction and post-62 brickwork.
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- Levin-113. Same as
photograph 112, but closer, also showing altar and temple within the sanctuary.
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- Levin-111. Detail of
corner where w. precinct wall (n. section) meets W107.91; fr. sw. The detail
shows wall construction, a small vestige of painted plaster in the corner
(belonging to a first phase of decoration), and large areas of a mortar setting
bed for marble revetment, or veneer, that belongs to a second phase of
decoration.
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- Levin-114. Western
precinct wall (s. section); fr. w.
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- Levin-112. Western
precinct wall (central section); fr. w. The left (n.) door jamb, relieving
arch, and related non-brick masonry belongs to the Bourbon period. At the
right, marble shims are still preserved in the setting bed and the impression of
a now-lost revetment slab can be seen.
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Sanctuary/Genius of Augustus: Interior
- Levin-115. Overview of
altar and temple with e. precinct wall in background; fr. w.
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- Levin-124. Overview of
the sanctuary interior showing the articulated n. precinct wall, the altar, and
the temple podium; fr. s. The motif of recessed bays whose pediments alternate
between triangular and segmental shapes also appears on the exterior of the s.
and e. walls of the Eumachia Building; see photographs 37-57.
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- Levin-116. Interior of
the temple. Detail (see photograph 115), including the remains of the base for
the cult statue, mortar setting bed for the marble revetment, and to the right a
tunneling hole (blocked in the modern period); fr. w.
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- Levin-125. North
precinct wall, w. end; fr. s. This and the following two photographs reveal the
wall construction: small Nocera tufa block for the compound piers that quoins in
a 3x3 pattern to the opus incertum bay centers. This is the same construction
used in the exterior s. and e. walls of the Eumachia Building.
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- Levin-117. Temple.
Exterior, s. side; fr. s.w. In the foreground is a stairway (ascending fr. the
e.) to the temple podium. In the upper part of the temples wall the brickwork
has been cut away to make three rough panels; the uncut original brickwork
serves as pilaster strips between the panels. Traces of tangs, wedges, and
setting bed indicate that like the interior, the exterior of the temple was
revetted in marble.
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- Levin-118. Overview of
the sanctuary interior; fr. e. Taken from the temple platform.
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- Levin-119. Same as 118.
Slightly different angle.
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- Levin-128. South
precinct wall (109/112.191); fr. n.w. The upper part is modern (making use of
ancient material) below which is ancient architectural rubble, small yellow tufa
block, and at the corners brickwork construction.
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Sanctuary/Genius of Augustus: Interior - Altar
- Levin-120. East side,
fr. e. Corona civica (civic crown=oak wreath) placed over a shield (the Clipeus
Virtutis awarded to Augustus), and flanked by laurel trees.
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- Levin-122. North side,
fr. n. Garland hung from bucrania (bulls skulls); below the patera, simpulum,
and urceus (libation saucer, ladle, and pitcher) used at a Roman sacrifice.
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- Levin-121. West side,
fr. w. Sacrifice taking place at a tripod altar in front of a tetrastyle temple
hung with bunting.
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- Levin-123. South side,
fr. s. Garland hung from bucrania (bulls skulls); below the mantele, acerra,
and lituus (towel, incense box, and staff.
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Imperial Cult Building
- Levin-129. Overview
from within the forum, including parts of the adjacent Macellum (left) and
Sanctuary of the Genius of Augustus (right); fr. w. In the foreground are a few
of the forums remaining paving slabs in Caserta limestone.
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- Levin-139. Interior,
north side; detail of westernmost sculpture niche (see photograph 138); fr. s.
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- Levin-130. Overview
from within the forum; fr. w. The four large blocks in the foreground are the
footings for the central four of the eight columns that served as both building
facade and forum colonnade. Photographs along the axis of the building
dramatically foreshorten the buildings depth and considerably flatten the
eastern apse.
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- Levin-140. Interior,
north side; westernmost sculpture niche and most of the northern exedra (92);
fr. s.
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- Levin-131. Junction
between the Macellum (left) and the Imperial Cult Building; fr. w. The rough
foundation in the foreground marks the location of the now-missing footing for
the northernmost column of the buildings facad.
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- Levin-141. Interior,
northeast corner; fr. s.w.
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- Levin-132. Interior,
south side; fr. n.w. and just outside the building. Four of the column footings
are visible.
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- Levin-142. Interior,
northeast corner; fr. s.
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- Levin-133. Interior,
south side; fr. n.w. and just inside the building. The southern exedra (95)
with it large statue base is clearer in this photograph than in the previous.
See photographs 137 and 137 for straight-on views of the south side.
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- Levin-143. Interior;
apse at eastern end with flanking sculpture niches; fr. w.
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- Levin-134. Overview
from within the forum; fr. s.w.
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- Levin-144. Interior,
southern exedra (95); fr. n.e.
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- Levin-135. Junction
between the Imperial Cult Building and the Sanctuary of the Genius of Augustus;
fr. w.
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- Levin-145. Exterior;
n.w. corner of space 97 (northern exterior of apse); fr. n.e.
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- Levin-146. Exterior,
overview of eastern apse; fr. n.e.
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- Levin-147. Exterior;
n.w. corner of space 102 (southern exterior of apse); fr. s.e.
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Spaces Behind the Imperial Cult Building
- Levin-199. Space 106
(with D106.105 at end); fr. e.
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- Levin-202. D105.106
(with 106 beyond); fr. w.
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- Levin-200. D106.105,
part of room 105, and D105.95; fr. e.
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- Levin-201. Room 105
(southwest corner with D105.95); fr. e.n.e. This photograph is important for
showing the structural and chronological relationship between the Imperial Cult
Building (ICB) and the Sanctuary of the Genius of Augustus (SGA). At the left
is the rebuilt north wall of the SGA (W105.109); the wall with the door
(W105.95) belongs to the ICB. It is clear that the wall of the ICB (W105.95)
abuts the already standing wall of the SGA (W105.109) thereby establishing that
the ICB was constructed later than the SGA.
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Macellum
Macellum: Facade
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- Levin-152. Shop 19; fr.
s.w. This shop communicates with space 2 by means of a window in its northeast
corner (the area of finished brickwork in the central portion of the
photograph). The area below the window is damaged.
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- Levin-153. Main
entrance to the Macellum; fr. w.
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- Levin-154. Space 26 and
the platform (27) at the southern end of the Macellum facade; fr. n.w.
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- Levin-151. Shop 1; fr.
w.s.w. This shop was once one with space 2, but W1.2 divides the space into
two. W1.2 is clearly an addition that abuts the n. and s. walls of the shop.
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Macellum: Northern Shops
- Levin-155. Northern
entrance (8) to the Macellum; fr. n.
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- Levin-158. Shops 17
(left) and 16 (right); fr. n.e.
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- Levin-156. Shops 14
(left) and 13 (right); fr. n.w.
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Macellum: Exterior - South Side
- Levin-160. Overview of
the central portion of the south wall; fr. s.s.e. On the left is the northeast
corner of the Imperial Cult Building; on the right the wall that separates 97
from the street to the south of the Macellum (vicolo del Balcone Pensile). This
wall along with the bulk of the Imperial Cult Building suppress this street that
once ran into the forum. Excavations by Salvatore Nappo in 1996 revealed a
vestige of the street in the area of the forums east portico.
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- Levin-163. Southeast
corner of the Macellum; fr. s.e.
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- Levin-161. South
entrance (51) to the Macellum; fr. s.e.
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- Levin-186. Vicolo del
Balcone Pensile, from the southeast corner of the Macellum to the wall that
terminates the street; fr. e. Note that a small door in this wall would allow
foot passage into 97 and adjacent spaces.
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- Levin-162. South wall
(eastern section from entrance 51 to the buildings corner); fr. s.w. A large
section of out-of-plane failure, and subsequent repair, is evident at the top of
the wall.
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Macellum: Interior - Overviews
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- Levin-167. Southern
side of the building showing most of the south shops; fr. n.w.
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- Levin-168. Western end
of the building from the center of 34; fr. e.
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- Levin-166. Southeast
quadrant of building; fr. n.w.
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Macellum: Interior - North Wall
- Levin-169. North wall
(western section); fr. s.e. A large section of out-of-plane failure, and
subsequent repair, is evident in this section of wall. The eastern end of the
wall (= western jamb of entrance 8) displays in interesting triple quoining
scheme in which brick quoins to small block, which, in turn, quoins to lava
incertum. See photos 171 and 172; the same scheme was used on the eastern jamb
of the entrance.
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- Levin-172. North wall
(eastern section from entrance 8 to space 29; fr. s.w.
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- Levin-170. North wall.
Detail of the section l shown in photograph 169; fr. s.
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- Levin-173. North wall
(eastern section); fr. s. This is the north wall of space 30. A large section
of out-of-plane failure, and subsequent repair, is evident at the top of the
wall.
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- Levin-171. North wall
(central section, including entrance 8); fr. s.
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Macellum: Interior - East End
- Levin-174. Space 30;
fr. w. This large space was separated from the Macellum portico by two piers
whose bases are still in situ. In the middle ground is a low altar and at the
right a platform. In the back of the space a stairway ascends to a podium onto
which opens a small vaulted chamber. The function of this space is uncertain.
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- Levin-179. Space 39
(northern half); fr. s. The function of this space is uncertain.
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- Levin-180. Space 39;
fr. w. Like space 30, this area was also separated from the Macellum portico by
two piers whose bases are still preserved. Set in from the walls on the three
closest sides of this space is a low benchlike structure with a narrow gap in
the center of its eastern side. The function of this space is uncertain.
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- Levin-176. Sacellum
(36, 37); overview fr. w.
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- Levin-177. Sacellum
(37); north wall with two statue niches; fr. s.
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- Levin-178. Sacellum
(37); south wall with two statue niches; fr. n. The statues found in the niches
are in Naples at the Museo Nazionale. Those on site are plaster casts.
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Macellum: Interior - West Wall
- Levin-183. Overview,
from south main portal to south shop 40; fr. n.e.
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- Levin-185. Section of
wall north of main portal preserving Fourth Style painting; fr. e.
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Macellum: Exterior - East Side
- Levin-187. East wall,
south end (section within room 87); fr. e.
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- Levin-193. East
exterior wall of Macellum (section within room 66); fr. e.
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- Levin-188. Rooms 68,
69, 75 seen from within 79; fr. s.
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- Levin-194. East
exterior wall of Macellum (section within room 66 and part of 60); fr. e.s.e.
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- Levin-195. East
exterior wall of Macellum (section within room 60, including D.66.60); fr. s.e.
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- Levin-190. East
exterior wall of Macellum and rooms 68, 69, 75; fr. s.e.
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- Levin-196. East
exterior wall of Macellum (section within room 60); fr. n.e.
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- Levin-191. East
exterior wall of Macellum and D79.83; fr. n.e.
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- Levin-197. Rooms 70,
69, 68 (left to right) from within 66; fr. n.
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- Levin-192. Rooms 85,
84, 83 (left to right) and D79.83; fr. n.w.
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- Levin-198. Same as 196
(east exterior wall of Macellum [section within room 60]; fr. n.e.), but
different exposure.
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Other
